Feeding Habits of the Grey Nurse Sharks and Cone Snails Essay

The Grey Nurse Sharks and Cone Snails are two distinct creatures that live in water. They may have the same habitat but the two organisms have different ways on how to nourish their respective systems. For the grey nurse sharks, they are considered as huge slow-moving migratory sharks who like to swim in warm-temperate waters. They are usually found in â€Å"shallow and sandy waters near the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.† Even though this type of sharks prefer to do things alone, it has been observed that they prefer to do cooperative feeding with a small group of sharks by â€Å"congregating or nursing their prey into a compact school first before feeding together†(McGrouther, 2007). In the food chain, the grey nurse sharks are on top wherein they eat sea creatures that are smaller than their body size such as lobsters, squids, sting rays and others that they can easily sink their ragged teeth into (Cooper, 2009). Meanwhile, the cone snails have chemoreceptive cells which function as their sense organs for detecting their preys. They use different strategies to catch their prey particularly at night because they are nocturnal and venomous creatures. Usually, these snails would hide in order for their prey not to notice them. When the prey is within reach, they would extend their long venomous appendages and swallow their prey. For other types of cone snails, they would just open their mouth and let their prey catch the bait (Remigio and Duda, 2008). Their usual diet is composed of small fish, crabs and worms (Maris, 2006). Moreover, nurse grey sharks particularly the young ones can also become preys of other organisms. When the population of grey nurse grey sharks decrease, the number of sting ray increases. But grey nurse grey sharks have the capability to control the population of their preys reducing the extinction of some species. On the other hand, cone snails regulate the population of the mollusks and worms. When they reproduce, there is a high possibility that they can become â€Å"hosts to disease-causing microorganisms† which can work their way to the human body (Cooper, 2009). References Chivian, E. (2001). Environment and health: 7. Species loss and ecosystem disruption – the implications for human health. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 164, 1. Cooper, P. (2009). Sand Tiger Shark. Florida Museum of National History. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from www.flmnh.ufl.edu/ Marris, E. (2006). Drugs from the Deep. Nature Publishin, 443, 1. McGrouther. (2007). Grey Nurse Shark. Australian Museum Fish. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/ Remigio, E.A. and Duda, T.F. (2008). Evolution of ecological specialization and venom of a predatory marine gastropod. Molecular Ecology 17, 1156-1162.

Interpreter of Maladies Analysis

Jhumpa Lahiri’s, â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies,† tells the story of a family on a trip who consistently face communication issues and Mr. Kapasi, a much wiser man, who is expected to repair the problems of the family. Throughout the story, we learn about the dysfunctions of both the Das and Kapasi family. While some may argue that Lahiri does not believe in the power of communication, it is self evident that Lahiri does in fact believe in the power of communication.We know that he believes in the power of communication because he presents to us a family with no communication and all the issues that can be solved should they communicate with each other. Some people may argue that Lahiri does not believe in the power of communication, and that communication may kill a relationship. Communication is a sign of trust, you’re opening up to someone, and Mrs. Das did just that with Mr. Kapasi when she made her revelation. â€Å"Is it really pain you feel, Mrs.Das or is it guilt?†¦ properly insulted †(66). This quote suggests the ultimate end to their relationship, because we know after this quote she walks out on him and back to her husband. Mr. Kapasi was asking this question because he knew that Mrs. Das was guilty, he found out what was wrong with her and she won’t have it. This argument can be rebutted in the future of the story because we see that Mr. Kapasi still cares about Mrs. Das because he doesn't want her to be scared or in the end where Mrs.Das tells Mr. Kapasi to save her son from the monkeys, not Mr. Das. Lahiri presents to us the communication issues that the Das family has multiple times throughout the story and constantly uses it throughout the story as a theme. The conversation between Mrs. Das and Mr. Das shows us the lack of communication and even care the Das family has for their kids, â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Das bickered about who should take Tina to the toilet†¦ she did not hold the little girl’s h and as they walked to the restroom†(43).The fact that Mr. Das has to remind his wife that he gave Tina a bath shows that neither parent is aware what the other does with their kids, t`he bickering itself suggests problems in the relationship. â€Å"She did not hold the little girl’s hand† suggests a lack of connection and care that Mrs. Das has for Tina because she refuses to hold her daughters hand. Hold a daughters hand has always been a symbol of love, care, and protection, Ms. Das indicates to have neither of these.In the end of the story, we see that after Mrs. Das let’s out what she has been feeling we see much more interest and awareness on the kids, â€Å"Poor Bobby.. Come here, let Mommy fix your hair. † This quote shows that Mrs. Das is accepting motherhood and no longer is the â€Å"big sister† she was compared to previously. After communicating with Mr. Kapasi she can finally be the mom she long desired to be, even if it meant lea ving her past behind, including Mr. Kapasi

Genetic Testing For Haemophilia Health And Social Care Essay

MFA presented to the day care of the Paediatric section with left mortise joint swelling for one twenty-four hours after hitting his mortise joint on a rock while playing in the flushing one twenty-four hours prior to admittance. There was hurting and bruising seen at the mortise joint articulation after the injury. The swelling increased in size and became more painful throughout the dark. His parents so brought him to the day care early the following forenoon. Physical scrutiny revealed swelling and tenderness at the left ankle joint every bit good as decreased scope of motion on both inactive and active motion due to trouble. There were besides multiple ecchymosis in different phases seen at the upper and lower limbs. A diagnosing of haemarthroses of the left mortise joint articulation was made. MFA was transfused with 200IU of Factor VIII. The hurting and puffiness were reduced in badness but persisted throughout the twenty-four hours. MFA returned to the day care the following twenty-four hours for more Factor VIII. He was given Factor VIII transfusion 200 IU twice daily for the following two yearss. The hurting and puffiness subsided after 3 yearss. MFA was diagnosed with terrible Haemophilia Angstrom when he was eight months of age. The diagnosing was made at the national blood bank. Familial testing besides done at the national blood bank revealed that his female parent was a haemophilia cistron bearer. MFA receives transfusion of Factor VIII when he develops haemarthroses or shed blooding due to trauma. He requires factor transfusion on an norm of one time every three months. He has had repeated hospital admittances with an mean continuance of stay for three to four yearss. MFA has good household support and is a member of the haemophilia society. He and his household have adapted good to his unwellness. Student Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: PediatricssPATIENT ‘S DETAILSI/C NUMBER: ( B ) 630902-01-6092 Age: 9 old ages old Sexual activity: Male DATE OF ADMISSION: 23/04/09 R/N NUMBER: N/A2 ) CLINICAL HISTORYChief ailment: MFA is a nine twelvemonth old male child who was diagnosed with haemophilia A since eight months old. He presented with swelling in the left mortise joint for one twenty-four hours. History of present unwellness: MFA was running in the field at school when he knocked his mortise joint against a big rock in the land on the eventide of the twenty-four hours prior to showing at the day care. There was hurting after he hit his mortise joint but he was able to bear weight and walk. There was some bruising but no hemorrhage at the site of hurt. The joint became more painful towards the dark and there was some puffiness, heat and inflammation which increasingly increased. The hurting increased in badness so much so that MFA was unable to bear weight and used a wheelchair belonging to his brother to travel about the house. The hurting caused him some uncomfortableness but he was able to kip. He did non take any analgesia for the hurting. The following twenty-four hours, MFA ‘s parents brought him to the day care of the pediatric section for a factor transfusion. Systemic reappraisal was everyday. MFA was foremost diagnosed with haemophilia A when he was 8 months of age. His parents noticed that he developed contusions at his custodies and articulatio genuss. This occurred when he was tilting to creep. A blood trial was done in the national blood bank, and his parents were told that MFA had terrible hemophilia A. His immediate household underwent testing and his female parent was found to be a bearer of the haemophilia cistron. MFA receives factor VIII transfusion on an norm of one time every three months. The transfusions are required when he develops haemarthroses or gum hemorrhage due to tooth decay. The joint most normally affected is his right articulatio genus articulation. He has non developed any contractures. He does non normally seek medical intervention for contusions which are a common happening. He has non had mucosal shed blooding as nosebleed or hematuria. MFA would sometimes necessitate hospital admittance for factor VIII transfusion. This is normally when he has hemorrhage or terrible hurting due to a haemarthroses or a hematoma. At other times he would have the transfusion at the day care and return place. His parents would convey him once more to the infirmary for the following dosage till the hurting and puffiness in the joint resolutenesss. If a transfusion were required at dark when the day care is non unfastened, MFA would travel to the pediatric ward where the medical officer would be able to administrate the factor VIII. His symptoms would better with the factor VIII transfusion. MFA is an active male child who likes playing and running about. However his instructors in school restrict his physical activity to non-contact athleticss such as badminton and running. He is besides discouraged from unsmooth drama with his classmates. He wears elastic guards around his cubituss and articulatio genuss to protect them from hurt. However the elastic guards do non assist much as he still develops haemarthroses at those articulations. MFA is presently casting his decidual dentition. As such he requires factor VIII transfusion screen prior to tooth extraction. MFA is under followup at the pediatric clinic of Batu Pahat. He has defaulted the followup as his parents feel that nil much was done during the visits. He merely presents to the day care when necessitating factor VIII transfusion. MFA has besides been referred for physical therapy after episodes of haemarthroses which limit motion in the articulations. He has attended a few Sessionss of physical therapy in order to forestall contracture at articulations which have haemarthroses. He does non hold regular assignments. MFA is a member of the haemophilia society. His parents on a regular basis attend meetings where negotiations are given to educate parents on caring for haemophiliac kids. The members besides relate their experiences and promote one another. MFA has a medic qui vive necklace which says that he has haemophilia A. However, he rarely wears the medic qui vive. Past medical history MFA has non had any other infirmary admittances other than those due to haemophilia. Family history MFA is the youngest of three siblings. His senior sister is twenty old ages old and is good. His senior brother is 15 old ages old and has a bone cyst. He has undergone eight surgeries to mend the bone cyst every bit good as due to complications such as refractures. The wheelchair which MFA used at place was bought for his brother ‘s usage. MFA ‘s parents are good. There is no household history of hemophilia on his maternal side even though she is a bearer. MFA ‘s female parent has 3 brothers but all of them are good and do non hold hemophilias. There is no history of shed blooding upsets in the household. Social history MFA ‘s parents are both instructors. However they have to lose traveling to work frequently due to MFA ‘s status which necessitates frequent visits to the infirmary. As such, MFA ‘s female parent has a particular agreement with her schoolmaster which allows her to learn from 11 to 4 autopsy. As such, she is free in the forenoon to convey MFA to the infirmary when he needs it. His parents besides provide good support for MFA in that they frequently attend haemophilia meetings to update themselves on agencies to outdo attention for their kid. Birth history MFA was born at term in Hospital Batu Pahat. He was delivered through an elected cesarean delivery subdivision due to a breech presentation. There were no prenatal abnormalcies detected during everyday prenatal medical examination. There were no perinatal or station natal complications. He was nursed with his female parent after birth and discharged uneventfully. Developmental history MFA is presently in primary three of a spiritual school. He is an above mean pupil who finishes in the top 10 of his category. His instructors have no ailments about his school assignment. Developmental mileposts prior to this were all achieved at the appropriate times. Dietary history MFA is on an grownup diet now. He eats balanced repasts which are normally prepared by his female parent. He was breastfed till the age of seven months. Weaning was with porridge at the age of five months. Immunization history MFA has been immunized harmonizing to the immunisation agenda. After he was diagnosed with hemophilia A, his immunisations were done at the pediatric clinic under factor VIII screen. His last immunisation was at seven old ages of age. Student Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss3 ) Findings ON CLINICAL EXAMINATIONOn general scrutiny, MFA was friendly and communicative. He was sitting in a wheelchair with a patch around his left mortise joint. There were some ecchymosis seen at his weaponries and thighs. He looked good nourished. He was non in terrible hurting. Anthropometric measurings: Weight: 24kg ( 10th to 25th centile ) Height:130cm ( 25th to 50th centile ) His critical marks were normal: Pulsation: 82 beats per minute Respiratory rate: 18 breaths per minute Blood force per unit area: 108/72 Temperature: 37 grades Celsius Examination of the lower limbs: There were ecchymosis seen on both lower limbs at the thigh every bit good as at the shin and calf. The left mortise joint was swollen and there was a contusion seen on it. It was stamp on tactual exploration but there was no addition in temperature. There was reduced motion of the left mortise joint articulation due to trouble. The right mortise joint articulation every bit good as both the left and right articulatio genus articulations were normal. There were no contractures seen. Examination of the upper limbs: There was besides some contusions seen on both the upper limbs. The cubitus and wrist articulations were normal on both custodies. The scope of motion for all the articulations on both upper limbs were normal. Examination of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems every bit good as scrutiny of the venters was normal. Student Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss4 ) PROVISIONAL AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES WITH REASONINGProbationary diagnosing: Haemarthroses of the left mortise joint articulation — — Evidence for: MFA has been diagnosed with hemophilia since the age of eight months. The articulations are a common site of shed blooding for hemophiliac. In add-on, MFA has had anterior episodes of hurting and puffiness in the joint similar to this episode. The hurting reduced when he was given factor VIII transfusion which farther supports this diagnosing. He besides has multiple contusions on his weaponries and legs which indicate that he has a hemorrhage upset. Differential diagnosing: 1 ) Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis The pauciarticular type of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis nowadayss with hurting and puffiness in the big articulations such as articulatio genuss, mortise joints and carpuss. It may show as symmetrical arthralgia or may merely impact one articulation. Evidence against: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis normally nowadayss during childhood while MFA has been holding episodes of joint hurting and puffiness since he was an baby at eight months of age. Juvenile arthritic arthritis is besides associated with forenoon stiffness which MFA does non hold. MFA besides has easy contusing which is non a characteristic of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis 2 ) Septic arthritis Patients with damaged articulations are predisposed to infected arthritis. As such, a haemophiliac patient who has repeated haemarthroses may hold damaged articulations which are susceptible to infection. Evidence against: Patients with infected arthritis normally have fever while MFA did non. They are besides more common in patients who are immunocompromised. On physical scrutiny, there was no increased heat in the joint which would be more declarative of infected arthritis. 3 ) Ankle ligament hurt A sudden turn of the mortise joint may do a wrenching of the soft tissue and ligaments around the mortise joint doing hurting and puffiness. Evidence against: Master of fine arts did non writhe his mortise joint while playing. He simply knocked it against a stone. As such the mechanism of hurt does non propose that the ligaments were strained. He was besides able to bear weight after hitting his mortise joint and the puffiness and hurting bit by bit developed. This is contrary to what is expected in a sprained mortise joint where there would be immediate puffiness and hurting around the mortise joint. Student Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss5 ) IDENTIFY AND PRIORITISE THE PROBLEMS1. Swelling at the left mortise joint MFA has hurting and puffiness at the left mortise joint articulation. He was in moderate hurting which he rates as 6 out of 10 on the hurting mark. Analgesics such as acetylsalicylic acid and NSAIDS are non recommended for him as they cause shed blooding in hemophiliac. As such the best agencies for rapid alleviation of the hurting and the swelling would be Factor VIII transfusion. 2. Hazard of joint devastation MFA is presently eight old ages old and is an active male child who enjoys playing with his friends. As such he is prone to injury from even mild injury. He has developed haemarthroses on an norm of every 3 months. Perennial haemarthroses at the same articulation could do devastation of his articulations taking to osteoarthritis, restriction in motion and development of contractures. A hold in intervention could besides do harm to the joint. As such, prompt and equal factor VIII transfusion is indispensable for MFA. He should besides be referred to the physical therapy section when the hurting has subsided. Physiotherapy would assist in forestalling the development of joint contractures 3. Hazard of shed blooding Due to his active nature, MFA is besides at hazard of terrible hemorrhage if he injures himself. He was last admitted to the infirmary for one hebdomad due to shed blooding when he fell while playing. There was terrible hemorrhage from his oral cavity and gums when he hit his face on a tabular array. MFA is besides presently casting his decidual dentition. As such, he is at hazard of gum hemorrhage from the site of tooth extraction. The most unsafe hazard is that of an intracranial bleeding 4. Hazard of perennial factor transfusions MFA requires frequent factor transfusion. As the factor VIII used in Batu Pahat is derived from human plasma, there is a hazard that MFA may acquire Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C or HIV infections. In add-on, MFA has non been screened for any of these infections. As such it is necessary for MFA to be screened as recommended by the Malaysian protocol for the direction of hemophilia. 5. Consequence of unwellness on school assignment and day-to-day activity MFA misses school for about a hebdomad on an norm of one time every three months. This may impact his public presentation in school. In add-on there is an addition demand for him to acquire good academic consequences as he would necessitate to believe about a hereafter with a calling that does non necessitate heavy physical activity due to his status. Trouble faced by caretakers MFA ‘s male parent and female parent are both working and frequently are forced to lose work in order to take attention of MFA when he develops episodes of hemorrhage. Both the parents are instructors who have understanding schoolmasters who sympathize with them and give them much leeway in order to care for their kid. However the uninterrupted emphasis of taking attention of a inveterate sick kid demands to be addressed. Support groups such as the haemophillia society would be able to assist the parents by giving them entree to other parents who face similar troubles. These parents would be able to promote one another and portion tips on caring for haemophilliac kids Student Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss6 ) Plan OF INVESTIGATION, JUSTIFICATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF TESTS OR PROCEDURES, AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTSProbes done at 8 months of age by the national blood bank: 1. Curdling profile Justification: MFA presented with peliosis at his limbs which indicates that might hold a hemorrhage upset. As such a curdling profile would be utile to see if the curdling tracts are affected. Consequences: APTT prolonged. More than 90 seconds Interpretation: The drawn-out APTT indicates that the intrinsic tract is affected and that one of the factors in the intrinsic tract may be deficient. 2. Serum factor VIII degree Justification: To determine which specific factor that is lacking doing the hemorrhage upset. Consequences: Factor VIII degree: 0.6 % ( No inhibitors detected ) Interpretation: MFA has severe haemophilia A due to his Factor VIII degree being less than 1 % . He will react to factor VIII transfusion as there are no inhibitors to factor VIII detected. No probes were done for this presentation at the day care. I would propose the undermentioned probes: 1 ) A field radiogram of the ankle articulation AP and sidelong position Justification: In order to govern out other causes of the joint hurting such as infected arthritis or break at the joint. Possible grounds why it was non done: The clinical presentation of the patient did non propose that he has infected arthritis as he did non hold a febrility and the articulation was non ruddy. As the clinical image was typically implicative of a haemarthroses given that he is a hemophiliac, it would be unjust to the patient to subject him to an ten beam as this would intend he would be exposed to radiation every three months. 2 ) Full blood count Justification: A full blood count would be utile to see if there is an increased white cell count which may bespeak an infection. Possible grounds why it was non done: MFA is clinically good with no symptoms of infection such as febrility. As such a full blood count may non be necessary as it would likely be normal. There is besides a hazard of shed blooding or hematoma from venepuncture. Student Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss7 ) Working DIAGNOSIS AND PLAN OF MANAGEMENT ON ADMISSIONWorking diagnosing: Haemarthroses of the left mortise joint due to Haemophilia A My proposed program of direction: I ) Factor VIII transfusion with a mark serum factor degree of 30 % eight hourly till the puffiness and hurting resolutenesss two ) Elastic patch and ice battalion around the left mortise joint three ) To rest the mortise joint articulation by non-weight bearing boulder clay swelling and hurting reduces four ) To analyze patient for joint malformation or contractures prior to dispatch from day care V ) Refer the patient to physiotherapy for joint rehabilitation of the affected articulation. six ) To educate the parents on attention for their kid and protective steps to forestall hurt. Student Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss8 ) Summary OF INPATIENT PROGRESS ( INCLUDING MAJOR EVENTS, CHANGE OF DIAGNOSIS OR MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOMES )MFA was given 200 IU of Factor VIII transfusion. He was so asked to return the following twenty-four hours to be reviewed by the medical officer in charge. Merely one transfusion was deficient for the puffiness and MFA had to digest much uncomfortableness and hurting throughout the dark. This is despite the Malayan Paediatrics protocol recommendation that factor VIII is given every 8 to 12 hours. The ground for this could be the prohibitory cost of the factor. The following twenty-four hours MFA was given another 200 IU of Factor VIII transfusion in the forenoon and once more in the eventide, 12 hours apart. He was given two more transfusions on the 3rd twenty-four hours. The transfusions were given at the day care in the forenoons and at the pediatric ward at dark by the medical officer who was on call. The hurting and swelling resolved on the 4th twenty-four hours post hurt. He was examined by the medical officer and was told to merely return to the day care if he had another episode of joint puffiness or open hemorrhage. Student Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss9 ) DISCHARGE PLAN, COUNSELLING AND MOCK PRESCRIPTIONDischarge program: I ) MFA was asked to rest him left mortise joint and to partly bear weight till it was wholly pain free. two ) Referral to the physical therapist for joint rehabilitation to be done Guidance: I ) MFA was advised to avoid athleticss which involve physical contact as the even minimum injury may do a bleed. two ) MFA ‘s parents were told to convey him back to the day care if there were any longer episodes of shed blooding into the articulations or self-generated hemorrhage. They were given a eventuality program to travel straight to the pediatric ward and see the medical officer on call if any hemorrhage were to go on when the day care is closed. three ) MFA and his parents were besides educated on complications that they need to look out for such as intracranial bleeding. They were taught about the marks and symptoms that they should be wary of. four ) MFA was encouraged to travel for physical therapy which he had antecedently defaulted. He was told about the dangers of joint devastation due to recurrent haemarthroses and how physical therapy may help in forestalling contractures. Student Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss10 ) REFERRAL LETTER ( MANDATORY )Dr Tan Hai Liang, Paediatric Department, Hospital Batu Pahat Physical therapist, Physiotherapy section, Hospital Batu Pahat 27 May 2009 Dear sir, Patient ‘s name: Mohammad Faiz Affizuddin Patient ‘s I/c figure: ( B ) 630902-01-6092 Problem: Haemarthroses of the left mortise joint articulation Thank you for seeing this nine twelvemonth old male child who was diagnosed with Haemophilia A for the past eight old ages. He has had recurrent episodes of shed blooding into the articulations. The articulations most normally affected are the articulatio genus articulations and elbow articulations. His current presentation is for a haemarthroses of the left mortise joint articulation. Physical scrutiny: Inflammation and puffiness of the left mortise joint articulation. Tenderness on tactual exploration. Reduced scope of motion both active and inactive. He has been given Factor VIII transfusion which has reduced the puffiness and hurting. Kindly reexamine the patient and execute joint rehabilitation for him. He has good household support and his household could besides be taught exercisings to forestall joint contractures that can be done at place in position of his recurrent shed blooding into the articulations. Thank you. Yours genuinely,______________( Dr Tan Hai Liang ) Student Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss11 ) Learning ISSUES IN THE 8 IMU OUTCOMES1 ) Family and community issues in health careHow are parents affected by holding a hemophiliac kid? I had the chance to speak to MFA ‘s parents and inquire them about the challenges faced when caring for him. They related many of their experiences and confided that many alterations to the life style of the household were done in order to accommodate to populating with and caring for a hemophiliac. Both parents have had to lose work on a regular basis due to MFA ‘s frequent infirmary admittances. Family activities besides are limited to light physical activity with minimum hazard of hurt. Furthermore MFA ‘s female parent admitted to ab initio experiencing guilty as she was the bearer of the cistron that leads to his status. As such, I wondered if hemophilia had an impact on parent ‘s quality of life in visible radiation of the many accommodations that they had to do to their life style. A survey by Beeton et al [ 1 ] involved 12 parents of kids with hemophilias whose age ranged from 18 months to 16 old ages of age. The parents were interviewed and qualitatively assessed on their experiences in caring for a kid with hemophilia. It found that medical direction often focused on assisting the hemophiliac adjust to his or her status with small accent on the wider household web. The early old ages of the kid ‘s life after diagnosing were characterized by the parents missing experience and feeling uncertain. This is coupled with the frequent demand of factor transfusion and the associated trouble in venous entree in babies and immature kids. Quality of life at the early old ages post diagnosing was found to be hapless due to parents experiencing ‘out of control ‘ . Parents caring for a hemophiliac kid besides reported that the manner in which they engaged with the people around them had changed. There was a necessity in being more self-asserting in order to protect their kid. This was confirmed by MFA ‘s female parent who relates that she had statements with the infirmary manager and schoolmaster of MFA ‘s school in order to take a firm stand on particular steps to be put into topographic point to better MFA ‘s quality of life. The survey besides found that female parents normally took up a greater duty in caring for the kid. Fathers who were at work during the twenty-four hours did non hold the same degree of experience and this could be a beginning of struggle between parents. Parents were besides found to hold higher degrees of emphasis and anxiousness. However the degree of the emphasis and anxiousness was dependent upon on the phase that parents had achieved in pull offing the status every bit good as successful version. Another survey by Bullinger et al [ 2 ] showed that the quality of life for patients and households with hemophilia was higher when compared to patients with other chronic unwellnesss such as asthma. This shows that households with hemophiliac are able to populate a comparatively normal life with good quality of life if certain stairss were taken to accomplish successful version. The survey found that betterment in quality of life can be attained by supplying an environment in which patients and parents experience understood and good informed. In decision, I learned that hemophilia has a profound consequence, non merely on the kid who has the disease but besides on his primary caretakers which are his parents. As such I need to besides ask about how parents are get bying and offer professional aid such as reding if necessary.2 ) Critical thought and researchIs coagulating factor dressed ore prophylaxis effectual in the direction of patients with hemophilias?A paper by Ljung [ 3 ] proposed that direction of a patient with hemophilia should travel off from concentrating on the upset itself and alternatively look towards keeping a healthy kid. This means that patient ‘s should non be repeatedly managed with factor transfusions when they present with shed blooding but alternatively be kept healthy by forestalling the hemorrhage from go oning in the first topographic point. As such the writer proposed that primary contraceptive therapy should be the gilded criterion in the direction of patients with hemophilias. However is coagulating factor dressed ore prophylaxis effectual in pull offing patients with hemophilias, and what are the associated factors which prevent this direction from being a practical option? I looked at a Cochranre reappraisal by Stobart et Al [ 4 ] which analysed four separate surveies affecting 37 patients. The consequences of the reappraisal showed that there was a statistically important difference in the decrease of shed blooding episodes in patients who were given standard prophylaxis when compared to a placebo. It besides found that secondary results such as clip loss to school and employment due to the unwellness was statistically significantly reduced among those having primary prophylaxis compared to a placebo. The reappraisal besides quoted one survey which showed that a twice hebdomadal extract of higher dosage of factor dressed ore had a statistically important advantage in cut downing the figure of bleeds a twelvemonth when compared to a lower dosage and less frequent disposal of transfusion. However the writers concluded that there was deficient grounds from randomized control tests to urge the usage of primary contraceptive factor extract in the direction of patients with hemophilias. An independent retrospective survey by Khoriaty [ 5 ] showed that primary prophylaxis has some promise. The survey recruited 133 patients with Haemophilia A and B with a average age of 27.93. It compared the 91 patients who were on primary prophylaxis and the staying 42 patients having on-demand intervention when they developed shed blooding. The survey found that there was a statistically important decrease in the figure of self-generated shed blooding per twelvemonth. Patients on primary prophylaxis were found to hold 3.2 bleeds per twelvemonth while those who received on-demand therapy bled 5.7 times per twelvemonth. It found no statistical difference between the two groups in footings of hemorrhage after injury. However the consequences for this survey needs to be read with attention due to the big age scope. Further surveies need to be done for the pediatric age group due to differences such as a higher leaning for injury and hurt in active kids compared to grownups who are better at caring for themselves. One ground why primary prophylaxis is non used in the intervention of haemophiliacs despite its promise is the high cost of the factor VIII. One phial of 200 IU costs in the part of RM 800. As such it may non be cost effectual for primary prophylaxis to be carried out particularly in the context of the Malaysian health care system with its limited budget. A cost effectivity analysis by Miners et al [ 6 ] in England showed that it would be & amp ; lb ; 547 to forestall one episode of shed blooding from go oning. This cost is mostly prohibitory in the Malayan context. In decision I found that there is grounds that primary prophylaxis has much promise in the bar of shed blooding among haemophilia patients but extra surveies need to be carried out particularly in the local environment in order to determine the cost-effectiveness of primary prophylaxis.3 ) Self directed life long larningWhat is the hereafter in footings of direction of hemophilia? The direction of hemophilia is presently with factor transfusions which aim to halt hemorrhage when it has already happened. The other option is primary prophylaxis with regular factor extracts to forestall hemorrhage. However this attack is dearly-won and does non cover with the job of patients developing inhibitors which make transfusions uneffective. As such, research workers are looking into a agency for a remedy of hemophilia. This remedy is by utilizing cistron therapy. The aim of cistron therapy is to redact a faulty cistron sequence to accomplish complete reversion of disease phenotype in the life-time of the patient. Haemophilia is seen as the ideal campaigner for cistron transportation therapy as foremost there are many cell types which are able to synthesise biologically active coagulating factor. Second, there is a broad remedy window which makes it unneeded to hold rigorous cistron look. Third there are big and little animate being theoretical accounts that permit the survey of safety and efficaciousness prior to induction of human tests. [ 7 ] Phase 1 clinical tests are presently being done utilizing largely viral vectors to infix the cistron. Retroviruss have shown promise in this therapy. The cistrons are inserted via developing hepatocytes or hematopoietic root cells. Presently safe long term look of coagulating factors has been successfully achieved in big carnal theoretical accounts of hemophilias utilizing multiple cistron transportations. [ 8 ] Gene transportation therapy nevertheless still faces many obstructions before it can be seen as a feasible therapy for hemophilia. There is hazard of experimentation in worlds in order to formalize this therapy. Many inquiries besides remain unreciprocated such as inhibitor development after the interpolation of the cistron and besides the transmittal of the extra cistron to the kids of the patient who receives the cistron therapy. One paper suggested a generous timeline of at least 20 to 30 old ages before the potency of cistron therapy can even be considered. These issues are ‘merely medical ‘ issues. Religious and ethical issues besides have to be taken into consideration before prosecuting this direction. In decision, I learned that though there is much potency in this field of cistron therapy, much research still has to be undertaken to determine its safety every bit good as efficaciousness. However it has been a valuable experience in larning about new modes of intervention and to catch a glance of what the hereafter holds. This has taught me to go on larning as there are ever new sentiments and therapies available in the direction of any unwellness. 4 ) Professionalism, moralss and personal development What are the ethical deductions of familial proving for haemophilia? After MFA was diagnosed with haemophilia, his immediate household underwent familial testing. The proving revealed that his female parent was a bearer and that his senior brother and senior sister were normal. The familial testing was done voluntarily. There is no recommendation in the Malayan Paediatric protocol for familial testing to be done. Familial testing is normally done in patients with no clear household history in order to determine which parent is a bearer so that farther stairss of direction can be carried out. These farther stairss may include offering familial testing to the siblings of the bearer parent and besides reding about hazard of holding extra kids. However familial testing besides raises many ethical inquiries. First there is guilt, heartache and ego incrimination when a female parent with no known household history of hemophilia discoveries that she was the cistron bearer that passed it on to her kid. A paper by Thomas et al [ 9 ] on attitudes towards familial proving in an Australian community found that female parents who were ‘sporadic ‘ bearers ( no known household history of hemophilia ) were had feelings of guilt. Performing familial testing to determine that a female parent of a haemophiliac kid is a bearer would merely be of value if extra stairss were taken such as offering familial testing to the female parent ‘s siblings. This in itself would raise inquiries of confidentiality and revelation since offering the testing would necessitate the physician to unwrap to the other household members that the female parent is a bearer. This revelation could so take to stigmatisation. In this specific instance, MFA ‘s female parent was found to be a bearer. She related that she felt anguished at ‘causing ‘ her boy to endure much hurting. The cognition that the female parent was the bearer who had passed on the cistron to her boy did non change the direction of MFA. As such there was small virtue in executing the familial testing in this instance. A 2nd consideration of familial testing is the deductions that it has on a individual ‘s determination of whether or non to hold kids. This is once more more relevant for female bearers. Carriers should be counseled that there is a 50 per centum opportunity that their kid would hold hemophilias if he were a male child. However the ethical issue arises when there is no agency of correlating between the genotype and phenotype. [ 10 ] Just because the kid may hold hemophilia does non foretell the grade of badness of the hemophilia. The lone means to cognize for certain about the position of a foetus in footings of whether he would hold hemophilias and the grade of badness is by making antenatal familial proving such as chorionic villi sampling. Prenatal familial proving itself is associated with many ethical issues such as the deductions of transporting out such a trial. Would the foetus be terminated? There is legal leeway for expiration if it can be proven that the kid ‘s unwellness would convey about mental hurt to the female parent. Where do we pull the line to make up one's mind that such a foetus has excessively terrible a haemophilia so as to justify expiration? Who makes the determination? In the instance of MFA, the parents decided non to hold any more kids due to the hazard of holding another hemophiliac kid. It ca be seen that the familial testing had a profound impact on their determination. However proper and thorough familial guidance was non given to the parents. In decision I learned that familial proving for hemophilia is fraught with many ethical considerations. It should merely be offered when proper followup such as guidance, support and options can be offered to those undergoing the trial. In the absence of proper model of support, it may be better to keep back familial testing.

The ways of promotion 5 specific franchised hotels (Hilton, SolMelia, Literature review

The ways of promotion 5 specific franchised hotels (Hilton, SolMelia, Marriott, Mandarin Oriental, Jumeirah) through technology - Literature review Example To achieve this goal, the company espouses saving scarce water resources for future needs. The company also lessens current energy use to allowable levels. The company espouses the use of reusable energy. The company implements activities that will serve as guides for future environmental protection programs (Pride, 2012, p. 33). Further, Hilton Hotel’s Senior Vice President Mike Ashton emphasized the company’s social marketing strategies include offering its hotel guests perks. The perks include access to seamless internet, mini bars, movies, fax machines, and other communication amenities. The Hilton Hotel amenities will outshine the privileges of its competitors in the global hotel market place, including Marriot group of hotels, Sheraton hotel group, and Intercontinental hotel group. Hilton’s Ashton reiterates that the current marketing strategy builds unwavering customer confidence in the Hilton brand, generating the customer’s emotion –based p rerogative (Tungate, 2008, p. 148). Further, Marriott Hotels group’s Chairman Bill Marriott writes posts onto the company’s social networking blog sites. The posts are arranged according to blog publication date. In addition to the date arrangement, the blog posts are also arranged according to blog topics. Mr. Marriott’s posts pertain to several customer topics. The topics include food, travel, sports, politics, movies, and books. Mr. Marriott’s blog sites are classified by the blog site visitors as reliable and up to date. However, people classify the neutral social networking sites as more reliable compared to Mr. Marriott’s self-serving website blogs (Rosen, 2011). Another news item states that Hilton uses advertising to increase hotel reservations (Anonymous, Hilton Garden Inn "Speaks Success" With New Adverstising Campaign, 2011). The Hilton group of hotels uses the popularity of mobile phone texting and other social networking environments t o transform the current Hilton group of hotels marketing campaign a two notches higher. The Hilton group of hotels communicates with its current and future customers by using acronyms. The acronyms are used to explain the many benefits of having one’s sound sleep within one of the cozy rooms of the Hilton group of hotels. The hotel uses the social networking sites to reach out and move the undecided tourists to make a reservation in any of the Hilton group of hotels’ global locations. The company’s 2011 marketing strategy focuses on two things. First, the company will understand the current and future customers’ languages. Next, the company will includes speaking the current and future customers’ language in communicating the company’s many benefits to the attentive future customers. Hilton group of hotels’ Vice President Judy Christa Cathey, in charge of global marketing, reshapes the current company policy to speaking the customersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ language. This means that the company’s officers and employees will do their best to put themselves in the current and future customers’ shoes. The line and staff employees of Hilton group of hotels will think as the prospective customers think. This way, the company’s line and staff employees will be able to think ahead of the customers. The company’s officers will not have to wait until the customers’ will explain what is in their demanding mind. The company will offer amenities that will meet the customers’ current and future needs. The policy will increase hotel re

IT Project Management module's Assignment Essay

IT Project Management module's Assignment - Essay Example This document is intended to be a living document. As implements the components of this assessment, and to facilitate the every changing state-of-the-art, the (ISN) CRA process may need to be refined. Consequently, the final version of this document should itself be placed under change management and the respective changes managed accordingly. CoPaX decides to expand its economic territories by buying a French Company, which does a similar job to CoPaX but in France. To support a homogeneous network the department of IT has decided to roll out 10pcs on trail to their head office in Paris (5pcs) and hub, on the outskirts of Paris (3pcs) and a Delivery Office in Lille (2pcs). Considering the change of Project Indentification Document. The IT Project Manager identifies the need for the Change Request Assessment to the (ISN) During emergencies, the ISN must rapidly reconfigured to support the establishment of Fields Offices. Currently, informal operational process followed by each entity invloved with the ISN is the primary means of controlling ISN changes. These processes are frequently undocumented; consequently, the IT Project Manger cannot determine the status of current CoPaX architecture, network component configuration and proposed changes. This assessment addresses this deficiency. It establishes a consistent, cross-organizational I process for the SN architecture and its components. It provides both SN managers and technical personnel the information they need to implement the ISN CRA activities and their flow. The scope of this document is the identification of a top-level Change Request Assessment for the ISN. This Assessment presents Change Request activities for the data portion of’ LAN/WAN (e.g., switches, routers, and hubs). Specifically excluded from this Assessment are network server hardware and operating systems. The ISN provides LAN/WAN connectivity for the entire organization. It links Cisco

Work Placement Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Work Placement Journal - Essay Example It involved a test of character, commitment and the ability to listen to the instructions set by the Director. Some skills are not acquired at school, they boil down to morals and etiquette. In my new job, some responsibilities were delegated to me, and without certain skills I would not be able to deliver as expected. Communication skills were some of the vital skill I was expected to have. According to the University Of Kent (2013) effective communication involves the ability of expressing views and ideas confidently. As exhibited for the first practice, I had to approach the staff and ask for help with some tasks. Charlotte. L and Kidd. J (2000) and communication skills must persuading and this went a long in convincing the residents to take the alcohawk. It is expressed that for communication to be effective, one must be able to communicate as a team which was sometimes put into test when I was required to interview a new resident with a member of staff. Within a number of days my communication skills had improved, which considerably improved my telephone communication skills. Treuer. P (2011) explains that effective communication without the ability to listen leads to instructions being misunderstood. Effective listening skills involve avoiding distractions when being spoken to. Mark Twain (1898) quoted that we are supposed to listen more than we talk since we have two ears and one mouth. When listening to someone, the listener should be at ease, since which it shows the speaker, that you are keen to listen and it is also expected that the listener will be patient and willing. As illustrated by Treuer. P (2011) the speaker should not get the impression that there is

Market plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Market plan - Essay Example There are ample opportunities for marketers to lure tourist by designing systematic service mix. Visiting tourists spent an annual average of $25 billion on purchasing various merchandises during their stay in the country. The country has seen slow growth rate for last three years due to fluctuation of Australian dollar value. China and Indian tourism market has emerged as major threat for the Australian tourism industry. The country is trying to use its natural resources to attract nature loving tourists. Australia has unique combination of desert and sea with lush green seaside back ground. Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide are the major cities in the country. Other cities in the country also plays crucial role to generate revenue for the travel industry (Australian National Audit Office). Sustainable tourism has emerged as latest trend in the tourism industry of Australia. The country is gifted with natural resources. Tourism industry of the country is dependent on its biodiversity, cultural landscape and breathtakingly beautiful natural resources. Great Barrier Reef of the country is one of the major attractions for the tourists. Great Barrier Reef is the largest nature made reef structure in the world and it is two thousand and three hundred km long covering northeast coast of the country (Global Ministerial Environment Forum). 2.0 Sydney Sydney has been selected as location to open new hotel. Sydney is the home ground of architectural beauty of the country. The city is the unofficial capital of the country. Sydney Opera House and Sidney Harbour Bridge are major attraction for tourists. Travellers prefer the city for its cultural heritage and traditional metropolitan structure. Sydney Airport is one of the busiest one in the country. More than three million tourists visit the city annually. The city was focal point of attraction during summer Olympics in 2000. Tourists visit has increased by sixteen percent in last ten years. The government has predicted that there will be another four percent increase in the industry in next two years. The country has already submitted bid to host 2022 football world cup and government has planned to promote Sydney as game location. Government is emphasizing on infrastructural development of the city to promote it as international location capable of hosting big sports event. Darling Harbour and Olympic park are example of infrastructural development made by government. 3.0 Market background Sydney is the largest city in the country with a population of five million. It is forecasted that the population will grow more than six million by next decade. The city is the premium business and travel destination for visitors across the world. Sydney is the international gateway and business hub for the country. The city has distinctive cosmopolitan flavour with ethnical diversity. Almost thirty percent of residents in the city are come from outside the country. The city enjoys the stature of being one of the most important business hubs in the Asia pacific region. More than sixty five percent international multinational companies has

Genetics of Retroviruses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetics of Retroviruses - Essay Example The core contains two identical copies of the single stranded RNA genome. The RNA molecules are complexed with reverse transcriptase and tRNA. Other viral proteins like integrase are also components of the virion particle. The outer envelope glycoprotein (SU), is the major antigen of the virus, and is responsible for receptor binding. The trans-membrane glycoprotein (TM), holds the SU protein in the envelope, and is responsible for membrane fusion â€Å"All retrovirus genomes consist of two molecules of RNA, which are s/s, (+)sense and have 5 cap and 3 poly-(A) (equivalent to mRNA). These vary in size from ~8-11kb. Retrovirus genomes have 4 unique features: These two molecules are physically linked as a dimer by hydrogen bonds (co-sediment). In addition, there is a 3rd type of nucleic acid present in all particles, a specific type of tRNA (usually trp, pro or lys) - required for replication.† Gene order in all retroviruses is invariant: 5 - gag - pol - env - 3. The gag (group-specific antigen, core protein) gene encodes proteins that make up the nucleocapsid of the virus as well as a matrix layer, the two of which surround the RNA. The pol gene (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) encodes three proteins, reverse transcriptase, which copies the RNA into DNA, integrase, which integrates the DNA into the host chromosome and protease, a protein that cleaves the Gag-Pol polyprotein into smaller protein products. The env gene encodes the envelope glycoproteins. â€Å"Some retroviruses have incorporated viral oncogene sequences.†( www.bookrags.com) The genomes of complex retroviruses, such as human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) cont ain additional genes (e.g., tax and rex) for regulatory proteins. R Region: A short (18-250nt) sequence which forms a direct repeat at the both ends of the genome, which is therefore terminally redundant.U5: A unique, non-coding region of 75-250nt

Strategic Planning and Development (Masdar City tourism Perspective) - Essay

Strategic Planning and Development (Masdar City tourism Perspective) - Continued - Essay Example This paper will attempt to present a campaign plan for enhancing the tourism industry of Masdar City. Masdar City is a project and unit of Masdar, an Abu Dhabi-based renewable energy company of UAE. This company has planned and developed this city backed by green technologies (Masdar-a, n.d.). This beautiful city is a potential tourists’ destination and hence, it requires better campaign plan for promoting this city in the global travel and tourism industry. Therefore, its goal involves the campaign plan for Masdar City. As this paper deals with the formulation of campaigning plan for Masdar City, the goal of this paper is to develop Masdar City as the most attractive destination for the tourists, who want to spend their holidays in a green and healthy environment. B. Objectives In order to make the tasks more focused and well defined, specific objectives are very essential. In case of business development though marketing plans, there must be a set of objectives for each spec ific area. Objective provides a platform to achieve the overall and long term goal of an entire task. Hurd, Barcelona and Meldrum have defined objectives as â€Å"measurable steps to achieve goals† (Hurd, Barcelona and Meldrum, 2008, p.53). They have also focused on developing the smart objectives. The smart objectives must have some features i.e. â€Å"specific, measurable, agreed, realistic, timed† (Marinel, 2005, p.23). For enhancing the validity of this campaign plan, some specific objectives are framed to achieve long term goal of this campaign plan and these objectives are stated below. Before establishing a campaign plan, it necessary to obtain and analyze the feedbacks of internal publics i.e. employees and residents of Masdar city. These internal publics of Masdar and residents will be able to provide useful information for bringing further improvements. The internal publics must include the employees associated with the project of Masdar City development. Ext ernal publics are the potential tourists from the different countries of the world and these people will have proper knowledge of Masdar City’s features and location. Therefore, more than 50% of external publics of different countries must be made aware of the features of Masdar City within next three months. Currently, Masdar are using its websites and social networking sites to promote Masdar City. However, in order to compete in the global tourism market, it needs to increase the advertising frequency. Hence, it must increase its advertising activities and expenses by 75% within the end of next two months. The advertising medium should include television, social network sites, newspaper, hoardings etc. For better campaign planning, it is also necessary to target and specify the markets. The target market includes the different countries of the world from which tourists may visit Masdar City. Therefore, Masdar must conduct promotional programs in these target countries afte r finishing awareness programs. C. Strategies Formulation of strategies must take into consideration the overall goal and specific objectives of this campaign plan for Masdar City. Moreover, the different type of target publics is also an important factor in this process. UAE is emerging as a major tourist destination in the global tourism industry. Dubai has already become one of the most preferred destinations by the global tourists. Moreover,

Group Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Group Plan - Essay Example 365). A more recent research conducted by Reynolds, Chen and Herbers (2009) indicates that mobility can not only impact students’ academic performance but can also increase the risk of dropping out. This study examined the consequences of student mobility for academic performance and dropout rates in 16 research studies conducted from 1990-2008. Result findings indicate that student mobility accounted for a 1/3 higher rate of both academic under achievement and drop-out rates (1). Rumberger (2002) advices that since nothing can be done about mobility the best response is to inform students and their families of the difficulties that are associated with â€Å"changing schools and how to mitigate them† (p.1). Specifically, Rumberger (2002) recommends that schools should be prepared in advance for the reception of highly mobile students in order to facilitate the transitioning process the moment they arrive. Moreover, schools should set up â€Å"ongoing activities and pro cedures to address the needs of the new student† (Rumberger 2002, p. 2). This group plan is therefore guided by Rumberger’s advice and the documented evidence of the propensity for academic underperformance of students in regular or frequent transition. ... It is difficult to predict the number of students that will be participating in each session, but it is expected to have at least five students and could be as much as twenty. At any rate, teacher representatives from each grade will be asked to participate in the group plan as a means of ensuring that incoming students and their parents/guardians can address any concerns about the curriculum and anything specific to their grade. These teachers are also expected to provide reassurance that they are there for the students and their parents/guardians and when and where they can be contacted. Academic dean, Arthur Baldridge will also be asked to participate in the sessions as frequently as possible. His role is merely to introduce himself and to make himself available to students and their parents/guardians. How Members will be selected Members will be selected by reference to the enrolment register. The enrolment register will inform of new and incoming students. Staff will be selected from among teachers and counsellors based on expertize and availability. The Academic Dean is very important because he administers and plans according to goals set for the student and the academic needs of the students. By participating in the group plan, the Academic Dean will focus special attention on the academic needs of transitioning students. Logistics: The sessions will be conducted once a week for one hour per session for six weeks. The sessions will be held in discussion form and since questionnaires will be distributed in the first and last sessions, it is best to hold the sessions in a classroom. Leadership Skills: As a leader of this

Racialised and Gendered Barriers in Diverse Settings Essay

Racialised and Gendered Barriers in Diverse Settings - Essay Example That means, it not only includes the traditional categories of race and gender, but also people with disabilities, various sexual orientations, and other non-traditional categories considered having â€Å"diversity of thought† or those from different disciplines, college degrees, socio-economic backgrounds, etc. However, many organizations and professional careers still remain resolute in embracing diversity and maintain barriers for full inclusion to be carried out. This paper attempts to answer the question, â€Å"To what extent and in what sense can we say that professional and managerial careers are gendered and racialised?† It was Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. who inspired the concept of diversity when he advocated that character is what makes a person and not his skin color. This propelled lawmakers to come up with laws that provide equal opportunity to all (Mor Barak, 2000). These laws have been designed to protect anyone from discrimination for their gender, marit al status, cultural background, race, age, disability, religion and other factors that may point out one’s difference from the rest of the group. â€Å"Equal opportunity† is a means by which a person receives equal access in society. â€Å"Equal opportunities approach† is premised on the principle that all people can avail of certain rights or privileges such as education, employment, health care or other welfare services without any discrimination or any preference whatsoever. The evolution of the workforce to include a more diverse population has highlighted some prejudices that mark resistance to move from more stereotypical roles. Even in today’s â€Å"politically correct† environments, prejudice and stereotypes prevent the successful implementation of inclusive policies at the workplace. Such obstacles usually suffered by women, older adults, ethnic and racial minority groups, homosexuals and the disabled include lack of support in their caree r planning, guidance of these nontraditional employees that is necessary for job advancement and a lonely and unsupportive work environment (Morrison, 1992). In effect, equal opportunities are not provided for all. Although there are different organizations that apply various equal opportunity practices that provide fair conditions for all their members in the process of employment and work (Equal Opportunities, 2006), managerial positions are usually reserved for men coming from the majority cultural group. For example, in a UK organization that subscribes to diversity and inclusive work environments, British men usually hold the top management posts. This may lead one to conclude that managerial careers are gendered and racialised. One explanation for maintaining racialized top management positions may be attributed to fidelity to one’s culture. Hofstede (1994) defines culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguished the members of one human grou p from another†¦ Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture† (p.19). From this definition, one can perceive how much influence culture has on people. Such a definition is paralleled to ethnocentrism. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines ethnocentrism as "regarding one's own race or ethnic group as of supreme importance" (1989, p. 424). This is common especially when managers think highly of the values and level of skills their racial group upholds. Each member’s effectiveness and efficiency are dependent on social and cultural standards and skills of the group. This narrows down the group’s views to their own culture and discourages them from being

With close reference to the setting Essay Example for Free

With close reference to the setting Essay With close reference to the setting of Psycho and Edward Scissor hands discuss how the directors use elements of the Gothic tradition. The gothic tradition is rooted in many great works of fiction such as, Wuthering Heights and Dracula. It comprises many distinct features including Gothic architecture, lighting and the colour black. Setting is a very important aspect of the gothic tradition. In the two film texts studied Psycho and Edward Scissor hands, the directors have used the gothic tradition to create interesting effects. To define the word gothic when being used in the form of a novel, one can say that it contains supernatural or horrifying events. Alfred Hitchcock the director of Psycho, uses many effective camera shots throughout the film to add depth and tension to the atmosphere of the scene that the viewer can easily relate to. For example when Marion the leading female role is traveling on the highway in her car towards the Bates Motel, prior to her arrival the scene shows a very open and light space around her. There is lots of other traffic on the same stretch of road and gives a presence of safety in numbers to the viewer. As the sunset starts to emerge the lighting dims and Hitchcock uses a medium close-up shot of Marion in the car, the focal point being her face that is the only luminous thing that can be seen. The background behind her is not clearly visible and is set to a Gothic shadow view. As she continues to drive away further from her home the weather changes to heavy rain, the whole atmosphere draws in on her and the frantic music that plays adjacent to the fantastic camera shots results in a penetrative impact upon the viewer. As she continues driving it comes to attention that there is no other traffic visible. Solitarily driving down the highway Hitchcock takes a shot that shows what Marion would see from behind the windscreen. He takes a high angle shot looking down on to the road and all that can be seen are the road markings lit up by the headlights and only stretches so far as approximately 100cm in front of the car. This gives a feeling of isolation and curiosity as to what lies on the tarmac ahead. When Marion finally pulls of the highway and into Bates Motel, one of the fist camera shots we see is of a large house in shadow. Hitchcock films it using a low angle shot to make the house look more superior and threatening, this camera technique is used to make the viewer feel vulnerable. The house is of a very Gothic nature, the lighting especially created to set the old, menacing house in a black shadow so that the outline is only visible, contrasting against the night sky. The house has a very overgrown ramshackle appearance and there are only two lights that can be seen both coming from two upstairs windows that are set closely on one of the corner rooms. The blinds of both windows are drawn and then the viewer is able to see Mothers figure as a shadow walking past the window, and almost looks like a ghost more than a human. Later, when Marion is in her cabin, Hitchcock takes a camera shot of her standing in front of a mirror. He cleverly does this to reinforce in the viewers mind the illusion that Psycho is not a film but reality as if there was a camera crew taking the shot then they would be seen also n the reflection. Hitchcock then diverts the camera to an open window beside her bed, it is almost as if it is letting the darkness in from the outside of her room and the view beyond the window frame is of the house. The house has become even darker and no visible features can be seen eg. The front door. It is completely shot in darkness and is just an outlined silhouette, next to the house stands a single very ugly drawn tree that is also in shadow, only allowing its shape to be seen due to the lighter background. This creates a very eerie feeling that the music adds to which all highly compliment the Gothic Tradition. Behind the motel is an isolated, desolate area that is largely overgrown and is where the swamp situated to dispose of Marion and her belongings lies. It is enclosed by spindly trees that have no leaves or blossom; this makes them look dead, and makes the area look unattractive. The colour black is used very much throughout this film to emphasize all the Gothic elements that Hitchcock has used to perfect the setting. When Marion accepts the invite to go and eat her dinner in the parlour from the main office, stuffed birds surround her and Hitchcock makes a particularly remarkable shot in which Marion is in the bottom right hand side of the camera and behind her left shoulder can be seen a huge owl with its wings spread out to make her look like she was its victim that it was about to pounce on, kill and eat. The stuffed birds are everywhere and those towards the ceiling almost look as though they are circling above her in flight. They are made to look even more menacing by their shadows that create a larger image of them that creates an enlarging image of them. The birds are all birds of prey and in one shot that focuses of Marion you are able to see a stuffed crow behind her which symbolizes death! At one point during this particular scene Hitchcock uses a very clever camera shot in which hes in alignment with one of the birds of prey to show that the bird is a representative of him and his evilness. The bird that represents him is then seen above two pictures of naked women who represent Marion when shes in the shower, so in a sense almost gives away what will happen next through imagery! The birds are the most Gothic features of that scene but all the other props that are used also have a Gothic appeal, for example- the swirly, long candlesticks. To emphasize the charactors of the two people Hitchcock has placed the light beside Marion so that when the camera shoots at her, her face is lit up and when it focuses on him he is in shadow and in a darkened corner away from the light. Just before he commits the murder Hitchcock takes another shot of the house on the mount using the same low angle camera technique that gives the impression of power. The two lights that were bright upstairs have now been turned down to a minimal level of lighting and dark black clouds have congregated in the background which gives a far more atmospheric feeling to the surroundings of the Motel. Hitchcock chose to make all the bathroom facilities and decoration brilliant white so there would be a bigger more lucive contrast with the blood red when Marion was stabbed to death. When she is in the shower Hitchcock always uses a medium close-up, high angle shot to show that Marion is vulnerable, small and weak. However when the camera is on Bates it looks up to him like the house and so gives him a sense of superiority as well. Edward Scissor hands the other film studied, also showed Gothic elements that had been used to create a successful effect by the Director, James Burton. Burton starts the film off with a magical fairy tale beginning where a grandmother is telling her granddaughter a bed time story. As she starts to tell it the camera shoots through snow which eventually reveals a big mansion on top of a cliff. Suburbia the small community of average people lies below the cliff and unlike the mansion that stands upon it, is a brightly coloured, happy and social place. Burton uses camera shots to depict the huge contrast between the community and the isolated, solitary house on the hill. Within the mansion walls, where the only resident is Edward Scissor hands, the camera pans through an overgrown driveway into a magical garden. As Peggy Boggs, one of the main charactors of the film enters the mansion drive the whole setting takes a vast atmospherical change. The set from being very neat and tidy, changes almost indistinguishably to an overgrown, unkept, confined garden. Such props as stone gargoyles are used to emphasise the Gothic feeling that Burton tries to pass to the audience. What strikes one as most odd and is a great contrast to Psycho is the word that Peggy Boggs uses to describe the house, she describes it as beautiful and Burton uses a high angle shot that shows a close up image of her magical facial expression as she says it. The garden although firstly thought was poorly kept takes a dramatical change as Peggy Boggs goes further in and has a huge colourful array of flowers and many thriving, healthy green bushes that have been carved in to remarkable animal figures. Burton uses this scenery to make the house seem less threatening than it did on first impressions from the start of the driveway. This scene is also taken in daylight, with a bright, shining sun and the house not shown in shadow, unlike Psycho which is essential to create an eerie, Gothic effect. Burton also makes sure that the camera focuses on the Gothic architecture and other Gothic features of the house such as the large solid, old wooden door, the big lion doorknocker that Burton makes a close up camera shot of, and the church- style windows. When Peggy Boggs enters the house, Burton shoots the camera at her on a very long, high angle. Burton uses this shot, as the area that surrounds her can also be seen and as it is all in shadow and Peggy stands in a thin channel of light that floods solitarily into the dark, gloomy room, a great contrast between light and dark can be shown. Burton then shoots around the room focusing in on Gothic related props like the old throne that has been covered in dust sheets which creates an ancient, abandoned effect towards the audience. Edward Scissor hands, which can be closely related to another famous Gothic film, Frankenstein, also shoots close up camera shots on the contraptions and machinery that have created the main character, Edward. In many other Gothic novels apart from these, bringing bodies back to life has for a long time been an obvious favourite with authors. However when methods to do this started involving science big issues were raised concerning this. The camera follows Peggy Boggs as she goes slowly up the magical, windy staircase. Here, Burton uses some of the most regularly used Gothic elements such as very low lighting, creaking noises from the stair case and floor boards after every step and cobwebs that line the hand railings. The camera looks down on her as she proceeds up the stairs which makes Peggy Boggs look small and vulnerable. Peggy wears a bright violet suit that makes her stand out clearly against her dull surroundings, Burton uses this to show the contrast of Suburbia and the mansion. When Peggy meets Edward the scenery and Edwards shy character, make this particular scene a lot less Gothic than it could have been. Although Edward appears from shadows, he can be clearly seen as half of the roof is missing letting a more than sufficient amount of light into the room. As this scene is shot in an open- aired sunny room, Burton creates a calmer atmosphere which gives the audience the impression that nothing bad is going to happen at the present. During the scene when Peggy takes Edward back to Suburbia, Burton uses a series of long, two shots which again fulfills his aim to show contrast. Against the garish scenery of Suburbia Edward really stands out as hes the only black thing in sight. Suburbia, from the outside is extremely unrealistic and delights the audience eye as this picture perfect place is unveiled. The insides of the houses are much more related to normal, realistic living which signifies the room for evil, and the charactors of Suburbias residents are far in contrast with the setting. When Peggy Boggs opens her front door to let herself and Edward in the colour scheme which is the complete opposite of Edwards signature colour comes to the audiences attention. The walls are all white washed which symbolizes purity and reflects Peggys good, generous and loving personality. Towards the end of the film the witch hunt gathers for Edward, tension builds up and the sky turns black, which is a key factor that Burton has finally used to create a sinister, Gothic atmosphere. The mansion garden, shown throughout the film to be a colourful, wonderful place, is plunged in to a deep darkness. The flowers black, the animal carved bushes threatening, and a garden that now matches the interior, of the Gothic mansion upon a hill. In these films one can conclude that both directors have tried to incorporate influences and elements of the Gothic Tradition in to the desolate and sometimes bleak film settings. In particular, the attic of the large house in which Edward Scissor hands lives and the large dark remote house where Norman Bates live, both have a strong correlation with Gothic Traditional architectural style. This is often characterized by dark 12th 16th Century castle type structures with vaulted ceilings and pointed arches. Also they have used many symbolic objects within the sets that portray themes dealing with macabre and other events typical of the genre. The lead characters in both films are to a large extent depicted as social outcasts, displaying severe psychopathic tendencies thus further reinforcing the Gothic impression created by the film sets. From studying the films I feel that they both successfully display the Gothic Tradition and the settings and other background props greatly contribute to achieve this distinctive theme.

Different Perspectives for Risk Management

Different Perspectives for Risk Management 1 Purpose Risk this is defined as the combination of the probability of an event and its consequences. In all types of undertaking, there is the potential for events and consequences that constitute opportunities for benefit (upside) or threats to success (downside). Risk Management is increasingly recognised as being concerned with both positive and negative aspects of risk. Therefore this policy considers risk from both perspectives. Risk management is a central part of the B W Plant Hire and Sales Ltd strategic management. It is the process whereby we methodically address the risks attaching to their activities with the goal of achieving sustained benefit within each activity and across the portfolio of all activities. The focus of good risk management is the identification and treatment of these risks. Its objective is to add maximum sustainable value to all the activities of the organisation. It marshals the understanding of the potential upside and downside of all those factors which can affect the organisation. It increases the probability of success, and reduces both the probability of failure and the uncertainty of achieving our overall objectives. 2 Process The risks facing an organisation and its operations can result from factors both external and internal to the organisation. Risk identification is the process whereby B W Plant Hire and Sales Ltd sets out to identify its exposure to uncertainty. Risk identification is approached in a methodical way as part of the annual strategic review process to ensure that all significant activities within the organisation have been identified and all the risks flowing from these activities also defined. All associated volatility related to these activities is identified and categorised. Business activities and decisions are classified as: Strategic These concern the long-term strategic objectives of the organisation. They can be affected by such areas as capital availability, sovereign and political risks, legal and regulatory changes, reputation and changes in the physical environment. Operational These concern the day-today issues that the organisation is confronted with as it strives to deliver its strategic objectives. Financial These concern the effective management and control of the finances of the organisation and the effects of external factors such as availability of credit, foreign exchange rates, interest rate movement and other market exposures. Knowledge Based These concern the effective management and control of the knowledge resources, the production, protection and communication thereof. External factors might include the unauthorised use or abuse of intellectual property, area power failures, and competitive technology. Internal factors might be system malfunction or loss of key staff. Compliance These concern such issues as health safety, environmental, trade descriptions, consumer protection, data protection, employment practices and regulatory issues. As part of the annual strategic review each identified risk is described in a structured format is necessary to ensure a comprehensive risk identification, description and assessment process. Risk estimation is assessed as high, medium or low using the guidelines shown in the tables below. Risk identification Categorisation 1. Name of Risk 2. Impact of Risk Qualitative description of the events, their size, type number and dependencies 3. Quantification of Risk Probability and Significance 4. Potential Action for Improvement Recommendations to reduce risk Risk Consequences Threats and Opportunities High: Financial impact on the organisation is likely to exceed  £250,000 Significant impact on the organisations strategy or operational activities Significant stakeholder concern Medium Financial impact on the organisation likely to be between  £150,000 and  £350,000 Moderate impact on the organisations strategy or operational activities Moderate stakeholder concern Low Financial impact on the organisation likely to be less that  £150,000 Low impact on the organisations strategy or operational activities Low stakeholder concern

Modernism in The Metamorphosis

Modernism in The Metamorphosis The scientific and industrial revolution that affected Europe and the rest of the world in the nineteenth century was further developed with the arrival of the twentieth century. This century was marked with significant progress in sectors such as the sciences, philosophy, social theory, and the arts. However no other field has in my opinion seen such drastic changes as the literary field. Breaking away from literary movements of the other centuries such as romanticism or realism, authors of the modernism borrow from new ideas in anthropology, psychology, philosophy, political theory, psychoanalysis, and physics to create their works. In this essay we will study the impact of any of the above fields in creating a sense of disillusionment, fragmentation, or isolation in the particular work of Kafka called The Metamorphosis. The metamorphosis, as mentioned above, is a work of fiction written by Franz Kafka. After reading this story I can easily see why it has become so popular. Not only is it a great story, but it also stands out because of it use of philosophy and psychology as a way to explain certain human behaviors. The most of obvious concept that influenced Kafka in writing The Metamorphosis is Existentialism. Existentialism is a theory that became very popular during the nineteenth century and that asserts that any given choice will govern the later course of a persons life, and that the person has ultimate will over making choices. In the case of Kafka story, this translates first into solitude and alienation. The isolation and despair that Gregor experienced is obvious from the start. From the very first sentence of the story we notice this solitude. Gregor is lying on his bed in a shape of a gigantic insect and there is nobody around to help him. This theme of isolation is even more present in the rest of the story as we see that Gregor cant depend on anyone for support. He locks himself in his room when he is at home or on the road for business and doesnt go out to meet people. He doesnt have a girlfriend nor does he has friends to rely on in times of need. Instead he isolated himself from society. Another example of this alienation becomes apparent in his relationship with his family. Although he doesnt realize it, his relationship with them is not very good. By being the breadwinner of the family, Gregor leaves no room for his father to be the provider and the responsible one. At the same time he is trying to save money so he can send his sister to a conservatory where she can play violin but fails to discuss that idea with her. In his mind he think that the family is proud and happy with him, however the reality is different and the only thing he accomplishes is to alienate himself from them. Even though he takes care of them, they are still unhappy with him. Furthermore, the theme of isolation and alienation is present with the metaphor of the insect. I think that the reason why Kafka transform his main character into a this bug is to show us how helpless Gregor feels. His life as an insect is no different than his life as a human. Trying to communicate with his family as an insect is impossible and frustrating because all they hear are bug noises that scare them. They dont want him around because his appearance is shameful and they dont want to take care of him as he becomes more and more a liability to them. Throughout the whole story, Gregor is a stranger to everybody. His contact with society is minimal, and his alienation from his family becomes total with his transformation as an insect. The influence of existentialism on Kafkas metamorphosis doesnt only stop to the concept of alienation. The Metamorphosis is also about disillusionment. Besides being isolated, Gregor starts viewing the life as somehow absurd and futile. He cant seem to understand why things like this happen to a good human being like him. All he is trying to do is to make his family happy. He works at a job that he despises so that he can support his family that is having hard times. We can quote him saying: If I didnt have my parents to think about Id have given in my notice a long time ago, Id have gone up to the boss and told him just what I think, tell him everything I would, let him know just what I feel. Despite all this good he is doing, the tragedy of the metamorphosis befalls him and his family abandons him. As time passes by, Gregors disillusion grows bigger. His body falls into a state of despair due to abuse neglect and sickness. He carried threads, hairs, and remains of food about on his back and sides. He spent his days fantasizing about being normal and wondering why this was happening to him. One thing that really shows the influence of the Existentialist philosophy on Kafka is that he doesnt want us to feel bad for Gregor. Instead, the impression I get from reading this is that Kafka wants Gregor to find a meaning to his life even though he is in a bad situation. He should have stopped being depressed because of his family and his job and started living life for him first. If we follow Kafkas reasoning, we can assume that Gregors death is due more to the fact that he was disillusioned and depressed than to the fact that his physical health was deteriorating. To sum up, one can say that the Modernism movement brought forth new ideas to the world of literature and the Metamorphosis is a good example of that. As the world around them was evolving, author like Kafka and Camus looked for other sciences for inspiration and to explain some of the human behaviors. Existentialism provided them with a mean to convey their feelings, especially in regards to isolation, alienation, and the meaning of life in general. Nowadays, because of the quality of their works, they became household names not only in literature but also in other fields such as psychology.

Segregation: Seperate but Equal Essay -- Brown v. the Board of Educati

Linda Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas advocated the need for change in America in the mid 20th century. America was a country in turmoil, after many futile efforts to make social change had failed but Linda Brown’s groundbreaking case pushed America in the right direction. At the heart of the problem was segregation. Segregation is the act of separating a certain person or faction from the main group. In America’s case segregation was practiced on minorities such as African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. The full force of segregation was brought down on African-Americans. Segregation was based on shear hatred of blacks by white Americans. The majority of them derived their hatred for African-Americans from their parents. This hatred was applied to all aspects of black people’s lives, they couldn’t do the most mundane activity without some sort of segregation. Everything from water fountains to public schools were under the influence of segregation. In Linda Brown’s case, the problem wasn’t a water fountain but a school. Linda was black third-grader living in Topeka, Kansas, caught right in the middle of racial discrimination. To get to her black elementary school each day, Linda had to trek a mile from her home through a railroad switch-yard, even though there was a white elementary school seven blocks away. Her father, Oliver Brown tried to enroll her in the white elementary but was rejected because of her race. After his daughters refusal into the school, Oliver reached out to McKinley Burnett, the head of Topeka’s branch of the NAACP. The NAACP jumped at the opportunity to help the Brown’s because they had long waited for a chance to challenge segregation in public schools.(Cozzens) The Bro... ...ruled that they would monitor school boards until they showed plans towards full compliance and followed those plans. Works Cited Cozzens, Lisa. "Brown v. Board of Education." www.watson.org. N.p., 29 Jun 1998. Web. 24 Oct 2011. . (Cozzens) "Brown v. Board of Education." www.pbs.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct 2011. ("www.pbs.org") Kansas Historical Society , . "Brown v. Board of Education." www.kshs.org. N.p., Sep 2011. Web. 24 Oct 2011. . (Kansas Historical Society ) "U.S. Supreme Court." www.findlaw.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Oct 2011. . ("www.findlaw.com")

AI vs Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Movie: Artificial Intelligence Synopsis: In the not-so-far future the polar ice caps have melted and the resulting rise of ocean waters has drowned all the coastal cities of the world. Withdrawn to the interior of the continents, the human race keeps advancing, reaching to the point of creating realistic robots-called mechas-to serve them. An ambitious Professor succeeds in building David, an artificial kid, the first of its kind programmed to provide endless love for its adopter. David is adopted by Monica as a substitute for her real son, but an unfortunate sequence of events leads Monica to abandon David. Believing that Monica will love him only if he becomes a real boy, David sets off to find the Blue Fairy (from the fairy tale Pinocchio), whom he earnestly believes is the only one with the power to grant him his wish. Explanation: Artificial Intelligence is very similar to Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein in that the underlying themes, questions asked, and moral issues raised are the same. The main idea being appropriated is that of creating life, although not ‘life’ in its usual context referring to living organisms. The ‘life’ created (or rather built) in AI is in fact a mere imitation of life, a mechanical substitute human boy†¦artificial intelligence. In AI, the creation is David, and he bears immediate similarities to the Frankenstein monster. In the book, the monster was to be Frankenstein’s ‘perfect’ human, a soul who knew nothing but love. Ironically, David was programmed to provide unconditional love and also served the purpose of being the perfect replacement of a ‘human’ boy. The desire to aid mankind through scientific and technological advancement is shared by both creators in their respective texts. In the film however, the Frankenstein equivalent is indirectly achieved by another character after David’s initial creation. The Frankenstein role is in fact fulfilled by Monica, David’s adopter (‘mother’), who activates David by ‘imprinting’ him to her. Although for different reasons, both ‘parents’ (mother/father figures) hastily rush the ‘activation’ process without closely assessing the risks and responsibilities of their doings or even realizing the wishes of their creations. Both creators end up abandoning their creations, leaving them alone, friendless in societies where they are both hunted. A woman talking to the Professor in the first scene of the film asks directly: â€Å"if a robot child loves his mother, is she expected to love him back?†-â€Å"Can a robot be loved?† The film maintains the same stance as Mary Shelley’s book by arguing that society is in fact to blame for the mistreatment of David.

History of the United States

The successive phase of mining contributed by subduing the continent. The mining frontier attracted population and wealth as well as advertising the found wonders of he west. The founding of metals helped finance the Civil War as it facilitated the building of railroads, enabled the Treasury to continue specie payments, and brought the silver issue into American politics. Cattle raising contributed to the settlement of the Great West by creating a new profitable business that easily sprang up into existence â€Å"as a main pillar of the economy'.And lastly, the successive phase of farming contributed to the settlement of the Great West by contributing to new inventions and techniques used in farming that made it easier and more convenient. . There were various social, ethnic, environmental, and economic factors that made the trans-Mississippi west a unique region among the successive American frontiers. Native Americans made their last and final attempt at colonization in the trans- Mississippi west and still reside there today.Since their â€Å"Anglo† culture collided with that of Hispanic culture, the southwest remains the most Hispanicize region in America. The scale and severity of the environment brought challenges to human ambitions and the environment continued to form a social and political life. The federal government has played a massive role in the trans-Mississippi west economic and social development like in no other region. 4. There were many factors that made western farmers economically vulnerable even as they were expanding their agricultural production in the Great West.High prices had forced farmers into plating single â€Å"cash† crops and use their profits to purchase manufactured goods and foodstuffs at the general store. Large-scale farmers were entering the business world as they were becoming tied to banking, railroading, and manufacturing. They had to ay expensive machinery in order to speed up production of crops, especi ally wheat. Such widespread use of these expensive machines called for first class management. Many farmers were unskilled though, and put the blame on railroads and banks for their losses.Once farmers had stuck with the idea of single cash crops, their stability was either well or poor, when prices were high all went well and when the prices were low then farmers had to dwell on bankruptcy. 5. There were many strong points in the Farmers' Alliances as well as many weaknesses. The strongest points of the Farmers' Alliance were that the embers all agreed on the goals of the Alliance such as, the need to nationalize railroads, abolish national banks, institute a graduated income tax, and create a new federal substructures.Their crusade was an impassioned one and they seemed unstoppable as their efforts to relieve the misfortunes of the farmer were becoming noticed and unavoidable. The Farmers' Alliance weakest points were that they did not think to include more farmers that would have proved to be more useful and represent a greater and stronger organization. Its programs were only targeted at those who had owned their land. They had ignored and excluded the plight of landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers, framework's, and black farmers who made up nearly half of the agricultural population.The farmers' protests scared eastern interests so badly because they were gaining political strength, which was unwanted from the farmers of the South and West. 6. There were various actual effects of the frontier on American society at different stages of its development. Some of those actual effects of the frontier consist of ones that helped transform both the region and nation. The national character was shaped by the westward movement. Hazard of the western wilderness such as distance, deserts, drought, and Indians transformed Europeans into Americans.What was valuable in Frederick Jackson Turners ‘frontier thesis† despite its being discredited by subsequent historians was that the idea of it was based on his belief that the frontier helped to shape and mold the American national character, and that it marked the edge of civilization that included diverse cultures, ideas and traditions. Chapter 28: 7. There were many economic and political effects of the Republicans' high tariff, high-spending policies of the early asses. Some of those economic and political effects consist of a quarrel between the Republicans and the Democrats over a quorum.The Republican House speaker, Thomas B. Reed had took to make changes to the House rules. He had pieced out quorums and therefore he counted as present certain Democrats in the chamber who had not answered the roll and denied that they were present. The fifty-first, or â€Å"Billion-Dollar' congress created expensive legislators. 8. Cleveland response to the depression of 1893 created labor and farmer unrest and divided the Democratic Party. Those who had advocated for silver lived that â€Å"hel l would freeze over† before Congress passed the repeal measure.